CCPA Data Breach: Notification Requirements, Penalties & Response Guide for 2026

Quick Summary & Key Takeaways

What You Need to Know	Details
Statutory damages	$100–$750 per consumer per incident (or actual damages if greater)
Notification trigger	Unauthorised access to unencrypted personal information
Notification timeline	"Most expedient time possible" — typically interpreted as 30–45 days
Who can sue	Individual consumers via private right of action
AG enforcement	30-day cure period before AG action; no cure period for breaches
Key defence	"Reasonable security" — documented security programme

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Reading time: 19 min read

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Executive Summary

California's privacy laws—the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) and its successor, the California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA)—include some of the most powerful data breach provisions in the United States. Unlike most state breach notification laws, CCPA creates a private right of action that allows individual consumers to sue businesses directly for data breaches.

The financial exposure is significant:

Statutory damages of $100 to $750 per consumer, per incident—regardless of whether the consumer suffered actual harm.

For a breach affecting 100,000 California residents, that's potential exposure of $10 million to $75 million in statutory damages alone—before accounting for actual damages, legal fees, regulatory penalties, or remediation costs.

This guide explains:

• What constitutes a breach under CCPA/CPRA
• When and how you must notify affected consumers
• How statutory damages are calculated
• What "reasonable security" means as a defence
• A step-by-step framework for breach response
• How to reduce your liability before and after a breach occurs

"California consumers have a right to expect that businesses will protect their personal information. When breaches occur, the notification requirements under the CCPA ensure that consumers can take timely action to protect themselves."
— Rob Bonta, California Attorney General, oag.ca.gov

The Core Principle

CCPA's breach provisions aren't just about notification—they're about accountability. The private right of action exists because California legislators wanted to give consumers real power to hold businesses responsible for failing to protect their data. Understanding this context helps explain why the requirements are strict and the penalties are high.

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Preparing for CCPA compliance? Our CPRA Compliance course covers consumer rights, data security requirements, and breach response obligations.

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What Qualifies as a Data Breach Under CCPA?

Not every security incident triggers CCPA's breach provisions. The law applies specifically to:

The Legal Definition

CCPA Section 1798.150(a) creates liability when:

"Nonencrypted and nonredacted personal information... is subject to an unauthorized access and exfiltration, theft, or disclosure as a result of the business's violation of the duty to implement and maintain reasonable security procedures."

Breaking Down the Elements

Element	What It Means
Nonencrypted and nonredacted	Data that wasn't protected by encryption or redaction at the time of the breach
Personal information	Specific categories defined in California Civil Code § 1798.81.5 (see below)
Unauthorised access	Access by someone not authorised to view or obtain the data
Exfiltration, theft, or disclosure	The data was actually taken or exposed—not just accessed
Violation of duty	The business failed to maintain "reasonable security procedures"

What Personal Information Is Covered?

CCPA's breach provisions apply to specific categories of personal information (defined in California Civil Code § 1798.81.5):

Category	Examples
Social Security number	Full SSN
Driver's license / ID number	State-issued identification
Financial account information	Account number + access code, password, or security question
Medical / health information	Health insurance information, medical history
Biometric data	Fingerprint, retina scan, facial recognition data
Username + password	Online account credentials
Login credentials + security questions	Email + security Q&A combination

What's NOT Covered (No Private Right of Action)

Scenario	Why It's Not Covered
Encrypted data breach	Data was encrypted at rest and in transit
Publicly available information	Information already lawfully available to the public
Non-California residents	CCPA only protects California consumers
No actual exfiltration	Access alone without theft/disclosure may not trigger liability
Reasonable security in place	If security was "reasonable," no duty was violated

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CCPA vs CPRA: What Changed for Data Breaches?

The California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA), effective January 1, 2023, amended and expanded CCPA. Here's what changed for data breaches:

Key CPRA Changes

Area	CCPA (Original)	CPRA (Current)
Covered data	Personal information per Civil Code § 1798.81.5	Same definition, but CPRA adds email + password/security question
Enforcement	Attorney General only	New California Privacy Protection Agency (CPPA) + AG
Cure period	30 days to cure before AG action	No cure period for data breaches specifically
Audit authority	Limited	CPPA can conduct audits, especially for high-risk processing
Security requirements	"Reasonable security"	Same, but regulations may specify requirements

The Critical Change: No Cure Period for Breaches

Under original CCPA, businesses had 30 days to "cure" violations before the Attorney General could take action. CPRA eliminated this cure period for data breaches.

This means:

• You cannot "fix" a breach after it happens to avoid liability
• The private right of action is available immediately upon breach
• Prevention and preparation are the only effective strategies

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Notification Requirements: Who, When, and How

Who Must Be Notified?

Recipient	When Required	Method
Affected California residents	When breach involves their covered PI	Written notice (mail or email)
California Attorney General	When breach affects 500+ California residents	Online submission via AG portal
Credit reporting agencies	When breach affects 500+ California residents	Written notice
Media	When breach affects 500+ California residents and substitute notice is used	Press release or prominent posting

Notification Timeline

California law requires notification in the "most expedient time possible and without unreasonable delay" — but what does that mean in practice?

Benchmark	Guidance
Statutory language	"Most expedient time possible and without unreasonable delay"
Safe harbour	No specific day count in statute
Industry practice	30–45 days from breach discovery
AG expectation	Notification within 45 days is generally considered reasonable
Best practice	Begin notification process within 72 hours of confirming breach

Exceptions That May Delay Notification

Exception	Duration	Requirement
Law enforcement delay	As requested by law enforcement	Written request from law enforcement
Investigation needs	Reasonable time to determine scope	Must be actively investigating
Multi-state coordination	Reasonable time	Must be coordinating with other jurisdictions

Required Notification Content

California Civil Code § 1798.82 specifies what breach notifications must include:

Required Element	Description
1. Description of incident	What happened, in general terms
2. Types of PI involved	Which categories of data were affected
3. Timeline	When the breach occurred and when discovered
4. Steps taken	What you're doing to respond and protect consumers
5. Contact information	How consumers can get more information
6. Credit monitoring	If SSN or financial data involved, offer free monitoring
7. FTC contact	Information about contacting the FTC

Sample Notification Framework

[COMPANY LETTERHEAD]

NOTICE OF DATA BREACH

Dear [Consumer Name],

We are writing to inform you of a data security incident that may have 
affected your personal information.

WHAT HAPPENED
[Clear, factual description of the incident]

WHAT INFORMATION WAS INVOLVED
[Specific categories of personal information affected]

WHAT WE ARE DOING
[Steps taken to respond, investigate, and prevent future incidents]

WHAT YOU CAN DO
[Recommended steps for consumers to protect themselves]

FREE CREDIT MONITORING
[Details of credit monitoring offer, if applicable]

FOR MORE INFORMATION
[Contact details for questions]

[Company signature]

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Need to build a breach response plan? Our CPRA Compliance course includes notification templates and response frameworks.

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Penalties and Statutory Damages

CCPA creates three distinct penalty mechanisms for data breaches:

1. Private Right of Action (Consumer Lawsuits)

Damage Type	Amount	Calculation
Statutory damages	$100–$750 per consumer, per incident	Regardless of actual harm
Actual damages	Greater than statutory if provable	Must demonstrate actual harm
Injunctive relief	Court order to change practices	As ordered by court
Attorney's fees	Recoverable if consumer prevails	As determined by court

Example calculation:

Scenario	Consumers Affected	Statutory Damages Range
Small breach	1,000	$100,000 – $750,000
Medium breach	50,000	$5 million – $37.5 million
Large breach	500,000	$50 million – $375 million
Major breach	5,000,000	$500 million – $3.75 billion

2. Attorney General Enforcement

Violation Type	Penalty
Unintentional violation	Up to $2,500 per violation
Intentional violation	Up to $7,500 per violation

Note: "Per violation" can mean per consumer affected, potentially multiplying penalties significantly.

3. CPPA Administrative Enforcement

The California Privacy Protection Agency (CPPA) can:

• Investigate complaints and conduct audits
• Issue administrative fines
• Refer cases to the Attorney General
• Pursue civil penalties up to $7,500 per intentional violation

Factors Courts Consider for Statutory Damages

When determining where in the $100–$750 range to set damages, courts consider:

Factor	Impact on Damages
Nature of the breach	More sensitive data = higher damages
Number of consumers affected	Larger scale may reduce per-person damages
Business size and resources	Ability to pay may be considered
Duration of exposure	Longer exposure = higher damages
Response quality	Poor response may increase damages
Prior violations	History of breaches may increase damages
Deterrence value	Courts may set damages to deter future breaches

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The "Reasonable Security" Defence

The most important defence against CCPA breach liability is demonstrating that you maintained "reasonable security procedures and practices." If your security was reasonable, you haven't violated the duty—and no private right of action exists.

What Is "Reasonable Security"?

California hasn't defined "reasonable security" by statute, but guidance comes from:

Source	Guidance
California AG	References to CIS Controls, NIST frameworks
Court decisions	Industry-standard security practices
FTC enforcement	Reasonable security = risk-based approach
California law (AB 1950)	Security "appropriate to the nature of the information"

The 20 CIS Critical Security Controls

The California Attorney General has specifically referenced the Center for Internet Security (CIS) Controls as a benchmark for reasonable security:

Control Category	Key Controls
Basic Controls (1-6)	Inventory of hardware/software, continuous vulnerability management, controlled admin privileges, secure configuration, audit logs, email/browser protections
Foundational Controls (7-16)	Malware defences, data recovery, network security, access control, penetration testing, incident response, security training
Organisational Controls (17-20)	Security management programme, application security, incident response management, penetration tests

Building Your "Reasonable Security" Defence

Step	Action
1. Document your programme	Written security policies and procedures
2. Implement frameworks	Adopt CIS Controls, NIST CSF, or ISO 27001
3. Conduct risk assessments	Regular evaluation of security risks
4. Test your controls	Penetration testing, vulnerability scanning
5. Train employees	Regular security awareness training
6. Monitor and respond	Active security monitoring and incident response
7. Keep records	Evidence of all security activities

What "Reasonable Security" Is NOT

Misconception	Reality
"We have antivirus"	A single control is not a programme
"We're compliant with X"	Compliance ≠ reasonable security
"We've never had a breach"	Past luck doesn't prove future security
"We're too small to be targeted"	Size doesn't affect the duty
"We outsourced security"	You remain responsible for vendor security

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7-Step Data Breach Response Framework

When a breach occurs, a structured response is critical. Here's a framework designed for CCPA compliance:

Step 1: Contain and Assess (Hours 0–24)

Immediate Actions:

• Isolate affected systems to prevent further data loss
• Preserve evidence for investigation and potential litigation
• Activate your incident response team
• Begin preliminary assessment of scope

Key Questions:

• What systems were affected?
• What data may have been accessed?
• Is the breach ongoing or contained?
• Are California residents potentially affected?

Step 2: Investigate and Scope (Days 1–7)

Investigation Activities:

• Forensic analysis of affected systems
• Log review to determine access patterns
• Identify specific data elements compromised
• Determine number of consumers affected

Documentation:

• Timeline of the incident
• Systems and data involved
• Attack vector (if applicable)
• Evidence preservation chain of custody

Step 3: Legal Assessment (Days 3–10)

Legal Review:

• Does breach trigger CCPA notification requirements?
• Are other state laws triggered?
• What federal requirements apply (HIPAA, GLBA, etc.)?
• Is law enforcement notification required or advisable?

Privilege Considerations:

• Engage outside counsel to direct investigation
• Maintain attorney-client privilege over sensitive findings
• Consider separate tracks for legal vs. operational response

Step 4: Notification Preparation (Days 7–21)

Notification Planning:

• Draft consumer notification letters
• Prepare AG notification (if 500+ Californians affected)
• Coordinate credit reporting agency notification
• Plan media response if needed

Content Development:

• Clear, accurate description of incident
• Specific data elements affected
• Concrete steps for consumer protection
• Credit monitoring offering (if applicable)

Step 5: Notification Execution (Days 21–45)

Notification Delivery:

• Send notifications to affected consumers
• Submit AG notification via online portal
• Notify credit reporting agencies
• Issue press release if required

Communication Management:

• Staff call centre for consumer inquiries
• Prepare FAQ documents
• Monitor social media and media coverage
• Track notification delivery and responses

Step 6: Remediation (Days 30–90)

Security Remediation:

• Fix vulnerabilities that enabled the breach
• Implement additional security controls
• Update policies and procedures
• Conduct security re-assessment

Consumer Support:

• Process credit monitoring enrollments
• Respond to consumer inquiries
• Address identity theft claims
• Document all consumer interactions

Step 7: Post-Incident Review (Days 60–120)

Lessons Learned:

• Root cause analysis
• Response effectiveness assessment
• Policy and procedure updates
• Training improvements

Documentation:

• Complete incident report
• Evidence of remediation
• Updated security posture documentation
• Board/executive briefing

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Real-World CCPA Breach Cases

Case Study 1: Major Retailer Settlement (2024)

Aspect	Details
What happened	Credential stuffing attack exposed customer accounts
Data affected	Names, emails, encrypted passwords, purchase history
Consumers affected	~1.3 million California residents
Settlement	$8.5 million fund + security improvements
Per-consumer payment	~$50–$100 for affected consumers
Key lesson	Credential reuse across platforms created vulnerability

Case Study 2: Healthcare Provider (2023)

Aspect	Details
What happened	Ransomware attack, data exfiltration before encryption
Data affected	SSNs, medical records, insurance information
Consumers affected	~240,000 California patients
Outcome	Class action lawsuit pending; offered 2 years credit monitoring
Key lesson	Healthcare data commands highest damages

Case Study 3: SaaS Company (2024)

Aspect	Details
What happened	Misconfigured cloud storage exposed customer data
Data affected	Business contact information, some financial data
Consumers affected	~85,000 California users
Outcome	$2.1 million settlement, security audit required
Key lesson	Cloud configuration errors are a leading breach cause

Litigation Trends

Trend	Implication
Class action consolidation	Most CCPA breach cases become class actions
Early settlement pressure	Defendants often settle to avoid discovery
Statutory damage negotiation	Courts typically approve settlements at $50–$150/person
Security improvement requirements	Settlements often include mandatory security upgrades

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Learn incident response best practices. Our CPRA Compliance course covers breach response, notification requirements, and litigation preparation.

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Reducing Your Breach Liability

Before a Breach: Prevention

Action	Benefit
Implement encryption	Encrypted data isn't covered by private right of action
Adopt security framework	CIS Controls or NIST CSF demonstrate "reasonable security"
Conduct regular assessments	Documented risk assessments show diligence
Train employees	Security awareness reduces human error breaches
Test your defences	Penetration testing identifies vulnerabilities before attackers
Minimise data collection	Less data = less exposure
Maintain documentation	Evidence of your security programme is your defence

After a Breach: Mitigation

Action	Benefit
Respond quickly	Rapid response demonstrates good faith
Be transparent	Clear, honest communication reduces anger and litigation
Offer meaningful remediation	Credit monitoring shows you take responsibility
Fix the problem	Demonstrable improvements may reduce damages
Cooperate with regulators	AG cooperation can lead to better outcomes
Document everything	Response quality may affect damage calculations

Insurance Considerations

Coverage Type	What It Covers
Cyber liability	Breach response costs, notification, credit monitoring
Privacy liability	Defence costs, settlements, judgments
Regulatory defence	AG investigation and enforcement defence
Business interruption	Lost revenue during incident
Extortion coverage	Ransomware payments (where legal)

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Top 5 CCPA Breach Mistakes

1. Assuming Encryption Solves Everything

The mistake: Believing that any encryption implementation protects against liability.

The reality: Encryption must be effective at the time of the breach. Data encrypted at rest but decrypted during the attack isn't protected.

The fix: Implement encryption at rest AND in transit, with proper key management. Document your encryption practices.

2. Delayed Notification

The mistake: Waiting too long to notify consumers while "completing the investigation."

The reality: Courts and regulators expect notification within 30–45 days. Extended delays increase liability and damage trust.

The fix: Begin notification preparation immediately upon confirming a breach. Notify what you know, with updates to follow.

3. Generic Security Claims

The mistake: Claiming you have "reasonable security" without evidence.

The reality: Courts will scrutinise your actual security practices. Generic claims without documentation are easily challenged.

The fix: Document your security programme, including policies, controls, assessments, testing, and training.

4. Ignoring California-Specific Requirements

The mistake: Treating California like any other state for breach notification.

The reality: CCPA's private right of action makes California breaches uniquely dangerous. California residents may sue directly.

The fix: Build California-specific considerations into your breach response plan.

5. Underestimating Class Action Risk

The mistake: Assuming most affected consumers won't take action.

The reality: Plaintiffs' attorneys actively seek CCPA breach cases. Even small breaches become class actions.

The fix: Prepare for class action litigation from day one of any breach affecting California residents.

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Conclusion: Prepare Before the Breach

The question isn't whether your organisation will face a data security incident—it's when, and how prepared you'll be. CCPA's data breach provisions create significant financial exposure, but they also provide a roadmap for reducing that exposure:

1. Implement reasonable security — The best defence is a documented, comprehensive security programme
2. Encrypt sensitive data — Properly encrypted data isn't subject to the private right of action
3. Prepare your response — A breach response plan enables rapid, effective action
4. Know your obligations — Understanding notification requirements prevents costly delays
5. Document everything — Evidence of your security practices and response is your defence

The organisations that fare best after a breach are those that invested in security before it happened, responded quickly and transparently when it did, and could demonstrate to courts and regulators that they took their responsibilities seriously.

Strategic Takeaways for 2026

Priority	Action
Immediate	Audit your current security against CIS Controls or NIST CSF
Short-term	Develop or update your breach response plan
Medium-term	Implement encryption for all covered personal information
Ongoing	Conduct regular security assessments and training
Critical	Document all security activities for potential litigation defence

Ready to build CCPA-compliant data protection?

CompliQuest's CPRA Compliance course covers consumer rights, data security requirements, and breach response—everything you need to protect your organisation and California consumers.

Browse All Courses · Contact Us

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Frequently Asked Questions

What is a data breach under the CCPA?

Under the CCPA, a data breach is specifically defined as the unauthorised access to and exfiltration, theft, or disclosure of a consumer's nonencrypted and nonredacted personal information, resulting from a business's failure to implement and maintain reasonable security procedures. Not every security incident qualifies. The breach must involve specific categories of personal information defined in California Civil Code Section 1798.81.5, including Social Security numbers, driver's licence numbers, financial account data with access codes, medical information, biometric data, and login credentials. Crucially, the data must have been unencrypted at the time of the breach, and the business must have failed to maintain "reasonable security"—meaning properly encrypted data breaches and incidents where security was adequate do not trigger CCPA's private right of action. The California Attorney General's office provides guidance on breach reporting.

What are the CCPA data breach notification requirements?

When a breach occurs involving covered personal information of California residents, businesses must notify affected consumers in the "most expedient time possible and without unreasonable delay." In practice, this is interpreted as within 30 to 45 days of breach discovery. If the breach affects 500 or more California residents, the business must also notify the California Attorney General via the AG's online portal, credit reporting agencies, and potentially the media. Notification letters must include a description of the incident, the types of personal information involved, a timeline of the breach, steps the business is taking to respond, contact information for further questions, and an offer of free credit monitoring when SSN or financial data is involved. The California Attorney General's data breach reporting portal provides templates and submission instructions.

What are the penalties for a CCPA data breach?

CCPA creates three distinct penalty mechanisms for data breaches. First, the private right of action allows individual consumers to sue for statutory damages of $100 to $750 per consumer per incident, regardless of whether they suffered actual harm—for a breach affecting 100,000 Californians, that represents $10 million to $75 million in potential exposure. Second, the Attorney General can pursue civil penalties of up to $2,500 per unintentional violation or $7,500 per intentional violation, calculated per consumer affected. Third, the California Privacy Protection Agency (CPPA) can investigate, audit, and impose administrative fines up to $7,500 per intentional violation. Notably, CPRA eliminated the 30-day cure period for data breaches, meaning businesses cannot "fix" a breach to avoid liability. The CPPA's enforcement page tracks recent actions.

Who can sue under the CCPA for a data breach?

California consumers whose nonencrypted and nonredacted personal information was subject to unauthorised access, exfiltration, theft, or disclosure due to a business's failure to maintain reasonable security can bring a private lawsuit under CCPA Section 1798.150. This private right of action is narrower than the CCPA's broader consumer rights provisions (which only the Attorney General and CPPA can enforce). To file suit, consumers must first provide the business with 30 days' written notice identifying the specific CCPA provisions violated. If the business cannot cure the violation (and breaches generally cannot be "cured"), the consumer may proceed with litigation. Most CCPA breach cases become class actions consolidated by plaintiffs' attorneys, which significantly increases the financial exposure for businesses. The California Courts Self-Help Guide provides resources for understanding the litigation process.

How can businesses prevent CCPA data breaches?

The most effective breach prevention strategy under CCPA is implementing and documenting a comprehensive security programme. Start by adopting a recognised security framework such as the CIS Critical Security Controls or the NIST Cybersecurity Framework—the California Attorney General has specifically referenced CIS Controls as a benchmark for "reasonable security." Key measures include encrypting personal information at rest and in transit (properly encrypted data is exempt from the private right of action), implementing multi-factor authentication, conducting regular vulnerability assessments and penetration testing, maintaining access controls based on least privilege, training employees on security awareness, minimising data collection and retention, and documenting all security activities. Regular risk assessments and independent audits help identify gaps before they are exploited. The Center for Internet Security provides the CIS Controls framework at no cost.

What is the difference between CCPA and CPRA?

The California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA) is not a separate law but an amendment and expansion of the CCPA, effective January 1, 2023. For data breaches specifically, CPRA made several important changes: it expanded the definition of covered personal information to include email addresses combined with passwords or security questions; it created the California Privacy Protection Agency (CPPA) as a new enforcement body alongside the Attorney General; and most critically, it eliminated the 30-day cure period for data breaches, meaning businesses can no longer fix a violation after the fact to avoid liability. CPRA also grants the CPPA authority to conduct audits of businesses engaged in high-risk processing. The broader privacy provisions (not breach-specific) added new consumer rights including correction, opt-out of automated decision-making, and restrictions on sensitive personal information. The CPPA's website provides the current regulatory text and guidance.

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